Which of the following scenarios allows for service outside Australia?

Service outside Australia is generally allowed in situations where the New South Wales court has jurisdiction over the matter due to a real and substantial connection between the claim and New South Wales. In this case, when a cause of action arises in New South Wales, it indicates that the events leading to the cause of action occurred within the jurisdiction of New South Wales. This provides a strong basis for the court to assert its authority and allows for service upon a defendant located outside Australia.

For instance, if a breach of duty or contractual obligations originates in New South Wales, and the defendant is outside of Australia, the court can order that service be effected outside of the country to ensure the plaintiff can proceed with their claim.

While scenarios involving injuries sustained outside New South Wales, foreign breaches of contract, or property ownership outside New South Wales may have relevance in certain contexts, they do not directly establish a clear jurisdictional basis for service that aligns with the principles governing causes of action originating within New South Wales. Thus, they do not meet the stipulated criteria for service jurisdiction.